The Origins of "It Was Christmas Day in the Workhouse"

Few poems have managed to stir such a mixture of humour, social critique, and pathos as "It Was Christmas Day in the Workhouse." 

Often quoted, misquoted and parodied, this poem occupies a peculiar space in British literary and cultural history. 

However, its true origins and significance are less widely understood.

The Poet Behind the Work

"It Was Christmas Day in the Workhouse" was penned by George Robert Sims, a British journalist, poet, and social reformer, as part of his 1879 poem "In the Workhouse: Christmas Day." Sims was renowned for his commitment to exposing the harsh realities of Victorian society, particularly the injustices faced by the poor.

Born in 1847, Sims had a varied career, writing for newspapers, magazines, and the stage. While his satirical humour and storytelling skills brought him popularity, it was his social conscience that gave his work lasting impact. 

He used his writings to highlight the grim conditions of the poor, particularly those confined to workhouses under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834.

Context of the Poem

The poem itself is part of Sims's broader critique of the Victorian workhouse system. Established to deter idleness and poverty, workhouses became infamous for their harsh, prison-like conditions. Families were separated, food was minimal, and the dignity of the poor was often stripped away. 

Sims sought to challenge the complacency of middle- and upper-class Victorians, who largely ignored the suffering of their fellow citizens.

The Poem's Story

The poem tells the tale of a destitute man forced into a workhouse with his wife. The couple’s hardships come to a tragic head when his wife dies of neglect, and her body is buried in a pauper’s grave. On Christmas Day, when the workhouse master offers the poor a begrudging feast, the protagonist delivers a fiery rebuke, recounting his wife’s death and condemning the inhumanity of the system.

The verse’s famous opening lines set the scene:

"It was Christmas Day in the Workhouse,

The coldest day of the year."

This sets the tone for a dramatic tale of injustice and loss. The protagonist’s speech resonates as a moral indictment of Victorian society, which prioritised cost-cutting over compassion.

Legacy and Misinterpretation

Over time, the poem’s grim tone was overshadowed by its potential for parody. Its distinctive opening line and melodramatic style have made it a favourite target for comedic reinterpretation, often reducing it to a humorous anecdote. Despite this, the original work remains a powerful reminder of the social inequalities Sims sought to combat.

In its day, "In the Workhouse: Christmas Day" contributed to growing public awareness of the need for reform. It added to the momentum that eventually led to changes in the Poor Laws and improvements in social welfare systems.

Conclusion

Though often remembered as a melodramatic relic or a punchline, "It Was Christmas Day in the Workhouse" holds an important place in British cultural and social history. 

George R. Sims’s poignant critique of Victorian inequality invites us to reflect on issues of poverty, compassion, and justice that remain relevant today. Whether read in earnest or with a knowing smile, the poem continues to echo its message of humanity’s duty to care for its most vulnerable members.

Christmas for the Average Mid-Victorian Family: A Time of Tradition and Transformation

The mid-Victorian era, spanning the 1850s to the 1870s, was a transformative time for Britain. Industrialisation, urbanisation, and new technologies were reshaping daily life, and nowhere was this more evident than in the way Christmas was celebrated.

For the average family, neither impoverished nor extravagantly wealthy, Christmas offered a blend of old customs and new traditions that reflected the changing social landscape.

A Day of Faith and Family

For many Victorian families, Christmas was rooted in Christian faith. Church attendance on Christmas morning was a central part of the day, with families gathering to hear sermons emphasising goodwill and charity. 

This religious foundation was complemented by a growing focus on family, as Christmas evolved from a public celebration into a domestic affair.

In the home, Christmas was a time for togetherness, storytelling, and shared meals. While resources varied, most families made an effort to mark the day with a special feast and small gifts. The sense of familial warmth was cherished, even if material comforts were modest.

The Christmas Feast

For the average family, Christmas dinner was an eagerly anticipated highlight. Roast beef or goose were popular choices, although less affluent families might settle for a joint of pork or rabbit. 

Potatoes, seasonal vegetables, and plum pudding rounded out the meal.

The influence of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert brought German traditions to Britain, and this was evident in the growing popularity of Christmas treats like marzipan and gingerbread. By the 1860s, crackers filled with small toys or paper hats were also appearing on tables, adding an element of surprise and fun to the occasion.

New Traditions Take Root

The Victorian era saw the birth of many Christmas traditions we now consider timeless. One of the most significant was the Christmas tree, introduced to Britain by Prince Albert in the 1840s. By the mid-Victorian period, families across the social spectrum were decorating trees with candles, homemade ornaments, and sweets.

Christmas cards also gained popularity during this time. The first commercial card was printed in 1843, and by the 1860s, sending and receiving cards had become an affordable tradition for middle-class families.

Carolling, too, experienced a revival, as Victorians embraced both traditional carols like "The First Noel" and new compositions such as "Good King Wenceslas." Groups of carollers often went door to door, spreading festive cheer and occasionally collecting donations for charity.

Charity and Community

For mid-Victorian families, Christmas was also a time to think of those less fortunate. Inspired by Christian teachings and social reformers, many families participated in charitable efforts, such as donating to the poor or organising festive meals for the destitute. Charles Dickens’s "A Christmas Carol," published in 1843, played a significant role in promoting the idea of Christmas as a season of generosity.

In many towns and villages, local events like Christmas fairs or church services brought communities together. These gatherings often featured singing, dancing, and games, creating a festive atmosphere that extended beyond the home.

Entertainment and Leisure

As industrialisation increased leisure time for the working and middle classes, new forms of Christmas entertainment emerged. Families played parlour games like charades, staged amateur theatricals, and read aloud from popular novels or magazines.

Christmas pantomimes became a staple of the season, offering colourful performances that appealed to all ages. These theatrical productions, often based on fairy tales, were a source of joy for families who could afford tickets.

For children, the mid-Victorian Christmas was increasingly magical. Stockings were hung by the fire and filled with simple gifts like oranges, nuts, or small toys. Father Christmas, an older figure associated with the festive season, began to merge with the image of Santa Claus, creating the jovial gift-bringer we know today.

Challenges for the Less Fortunate

While many Victorian families enjoyed the burgeoning Christmas traditions, not everyone shared in the festivities. For those in workhouses or living in poverty, Christmas was often a stark reminder of hardship. Charitable efforts provided some relief, but the contrast between the festive cheer of wealthier households and the struggles of the poor highlighted the inequalities of Victorian society.

Conclusion

For the average mid-Victorian family, Christmas was a time of faith, family, and festivity. The season reflected the values of the age—charity, togetherness, and the celebration of new and old traditions alike. As industrialisation brought change, Victorian families embraced Christmas as a moment to pause, reflect, and enjoy the warmth of home and community.

Today, many of these traditions remain at the heart of modern Christmas celebrations, a testament to the enduring legacy of the Victorian holiday season.

I am fascinated by this part of our history as a part of my degree programme in the 1980s covered Industrial Archaeology and the Victorian period.